The answer is just to *not* install anything "cuda"-related at all and do not install anything from you packet manager (because it will be outdated and probably not working).
The only thing you need to do is to install the damn nvidia driver from www.nvidia.com as recommended on https://hashcat.net/
(btw: this is also true for AMD, but for AMD the URL is support.amd.com)
Now you might already have to uninstall a few things and clean the system, before you proceed to the only needed step and install the recommended driver from the vendor site.
The only thing you need to do is to install the damn nvidia driver from www.nvidia.com as recommended on https://hashcat.net/
(btw: this is also true for AMD, but for AMD the URL is support.amd.com)
Now you might already have to uninstall a few things and clean the system, before you proceed to the only needed step and install the recommended driver from the vendor site.